Pandangan Fuqaha terhadap Ketidakmakluman Komisen dalam Kontrak Wakalah oleh Organisasi Bukan Berorientasikan Keuntungan (OBBK) Islam [The Views of Fuqaha on The Non-Disclosure of Commission in Wakalah Contracts by Islamic Non-Profit Organisations (NPOS)]

Abstract

Pengurusan dana awam oleh Organisasi Bukan Berorientasikan Keuntungan (OBBK) berteraskan Islam memainkan peranan penting dalam pembangunan sosioekonomi umat. Namun, timbul persoalan hukum berhubung keharusan pengambilan komisen oleh OBBK tanpa pemakluman kadar secara jelas kepada penderma di peringkat awal kontrak wakalah. Kajian ini bertujuan meneliti pandangan fuqaha berkaitan isu ini serta menganalisis amalan semasa dalam kalangan OBBK Islam di Malaysia. Kajian ini menggunakan kaedah kualitatif berbentuk analisis dokumen terhadap karya-karya fiqh klasik dan kontemporari, fatwa serta piawaian syariah antarabangsa seperti AAOIFI. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan wujud dua aliran utama pandangan fuqaha. Pandangan pertama (jumhur) mensyaratkan kejelasan kadar komisen sejak awal sebagai elemen sah kontrak ij?rah atau wak?lah bi al-ujrah bagi mengelakkan unsur gharar. Pandangan ini disokong oleh para fuqaha seperti al-Rafi‘i, al-Imrani, al-Barnahaburi dan AAOIFI. Manakala pandangan kedua pula lebih fleksibel yang membenarkan pengambilan komisen tanpa penetapan kadar secara jelas dan terbuka, asalkan berdasarkan ‘uruf, persetujuan umum dan tidak berlaku penganiayaan. Pandangan ini disokong oleh fuqaha seperti al-Zuhayli dan al-Kuthairi berdasarkan pendekatan ujrah al-mithl. Kajian juga mendapati wujud variasi dalam amalan pemakluman komisen dalam kalangan OBBK Islam di Malaysia. Sebahagian organisasi seperti Islamic Relief Malaysia dan MyCARE memaklumkan kadar komisen secara terbuka, manakala yang lain seperti Aman Palestin dan Cinta Syria Malaysia hanya mendedahkannya apabila diminta.

The management of public funds by Islamic-based Non-Profit Organisations (NPOs) plays a vital role in the socio-economic development of the Muslim community. However, a legal issue arises regarding the permissibility of such organisations receiving commissions without disclosing the rate clearly to donors at the outset of the wakalah contract. This study aims to examine the views of Muslim jurists on this issue and to analyse current practices among Islamic NPOs in Malaysia. This research employs a qualitative method through document analysis of classical and contemporary fiqh literature, fatwas, and international Shariah standards such as those issued by AAOIFI. The findings indicate two major schools of thought among jurists. The first view (jumhur) stipulates that the commission rate must be clearly defined from the beginning, as a valid element in contracts of ijarah or wakalah bi al-ujrah, in order to avoid gharar (uncertainty). This view is supported by jurists such as al-Rafi‘i, al-Imrani, al-Barnahaburi, and the AAOIFI standards. The second view is more flexible, permitting commissions without clearly and openly specifying the rate, provided that it is based on prevailing custom (‘urf), general consent, and there is no element of exploitation. This view is supported by scholars such as al-Zuhayli and al-Kuthayri through the concept of ujrah al-mithl. The study also finds variations in the practice of commission disclosure among Islamic NPOs in Malaysia. Some organisations such as Islamic Relief Malaysia and MyCARE openly disclose their commission rates, while others like Aman Palestin and Cinta Syria Malaysia only reveal them upon request.