Puasa ‘Ashura’: Antara Fardu dan Sunnah dalam Empat Mazhab Fiqh [The Fast of ‘Ashura’: Between Obligation and Sunnah in the Four Schools of Fiqh]
Keywords:
puasa ‘Āsyūrā, fardu, sunat muakkad, empat mazhabAbstract
Puasa ‘Ashura’ diamalkan pada bulan Muharam mempunyai keistimewaan dalam syariat Islam. Ia juga pernah difardukan sebelum turunnya ayat al-Qur’an yang mewajibkan puasa Ramadan. Namun, kajian ini membincangkan isu perbezaan dalam kalangan ulama empat mazhab sama ada puasa ‘Ashura’ pernah difardukan atau hanya disunatkan sejak awal pensyariatannya. Kajian ini menggunakan metodologi kualitatif kepustakaan, berasaskan analisis data daripada sumber ilmiah dan kitab muktabar. Isu ini diteliti melalui analisis teks fiqh turath daripada mazhab Hanafi, Maliki, Syafi’i dan Hanbali. Kajian mendapati bahawa hanya Mazhab Hanafi, Mazhab Maliki, serta sebahagian ulama daripada Mazhab al-Syafi’i dan Mazhab Hanbali berpendapat bahawa puasa ‘Ashura’ pernah difardukan sebelum dimansuhkan, manakala sebahagian yang lain menganggap ia kekal sebagai amalan sunat sejak awal. Kajian ini menegaskan kepentingan memahami khilaf fiqh berasaskan dalil serta mengamalkan nilai tasamuh dalam beribadah.
The fasting of ‘Ashura’ practiced in the month of Muharam holds a special place in Islamic law. It was once made obligatory before the revelation of the Qur’anic verse that mandated the fasting of Ramadan. However, this study examines the differences among scholars of the four schools of thought regarding whether the fasting of ‘?sh?r?’ was ever obligatory or had always been recommended (sunnah) from the beginning of its legislation. This research employs a qualitative, library-based methodology, analyzing data from scholarly sources and authoritative classical texts. The issue is examined through the analysis of classical fiqh texts from the Hanafi, Maliki, Syafi’i and Hanbali schools. The study finds that the Hanafi and Maliki schools along with some scholars from the Syafi’i and Hanbali schools, hold that the fasting of ‘?sh?r?’ was once obligatory before being abrogated while others maintain that it has always been a recommended act of worship. This study emphasizes the importance of understanding juristic differences based on evidence and practicing tolerance (tasamuh) in religious observance.